Which of the following is a black box testing technique?

Boundary value analysis is a black box testing technique that focuses on testing the boundaries between partitions of input values. In this approach, test cases are designed based on the edges of input ranges, which are often where defects are more likely to occur. For instance, if a system accepts values from 1 to 100, tests would not only include these boundary values (1 and 100) but also values just outside this range (0 and 101) to ensure that the system correctly handles edge conditions.

This method does not require knowledge of the internal workings or code of the application being tested, which aligns perfectly with the principles of black box testing, where the tester is concerned only with inputs and expected outputs rather than the implementation details.

In contrast, structural testing and code coverage analysis are both techniques that require an understanding of the code and its internal structure, classifying them as white box testing techniques. Experience-based testing, while it may involve some subjective elements, typically does not fit the standard methodologies used in black box testing when specifically focusing on structured techniques like boundary value analysis or other systematic approaches.