Which type of testing helps identify defects without executing the application?

Static testing is a method of software testing that involves examining the code, documentation, and other project materials without actually executing the software application. This approach primarily focuses on detection of defects early in the development process, such as in the requirements or design phase, by reviewing files or executing tools that analyze source code.

Static testing can include activities such as code reviews, static analysis, and inspections. Its key advantage is that it can identify issues like coding errors, deviations from standards, and design flaws before they turn into costly problems later in the development lifecycle. By identifying these defects without running the application, teams can address potential issues early, saving time and resources.

In contrast, dynamic testing involves running the application and observing its behavior to find issues, while performance testing is concerned with how the application behaves under various load conditions. Usability testing focuses on how user-friendly and intuitive the application is. Thus, static testing stands out as the only method among the options that identifies defects without the need for execution.